Session 1: Understanding Autism
What is Autism?
Autism (or Autistic Spectrum Condition) is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects how the brain processes information. Autism is a lifelong developmental condition. It affects how people behave and interact with the world around them. Every autistic person is different, and experiences of life on the spectrum can be wildly different depending on how our unique ‘brand’ of autism expresses itself, but some common traits of autism:
- Differences in social communication and interaction
- Repetitive and restrictive behaviour
- Over or under-sensitivity to sensory input, like colours, sounds or touch
- Highly focused interests or hobbies
- Extreme anxiety
- Emotional dysregulations – ‘Meltdowns’ and ‘Shutdowns’
However, not every autistic person will display all of these traits, and they can display them in a wide range of different ways. There’s a very common joke in the autistic community that if you’ve met one autistic person…you’ve met one autistic person.
This level of variability in how autism affects different people is why it’s often talked about as a ‘spectrum’ – different people’s experiences of autism can be very different, but they’re all valid and important!
Autism isn’t a condition that you can ‘acquire’ or ‘catch’ – it’s something that you are born with. However, symptoms don’t usually manifest until later in life, when a child is around 2 or 3 years old. People with autism will all have different experiences and need different levels of support. Along with some challenges, a person with autism will also have a range of strengths.
Health professionals used to think Asperger’s syndrome and autism were separate conditions. It is now understood that they are both part of one condition, called autism spectrum disorder or autism.
The features of autism usually start in infancy, but they may not be noticeable until the age of 18 months or older. Sometimes, autism is only noticed much later in life.
In adults, autism symptoms may include:
- Extreme sensitivity to the environment, such as noises or lights
- Feeling isolated, such as among friends or co-workers
- Interpreting words and concepts literally
- Extreme attention to detail
- Anxiety in social situations and having trouble making conversation
- A preference for solitude
- Becoming overwhelmed easily
Social interaction differences
One of the primary challenges individuals with autism face is social interaction difficulties. They may struggle with navigating social situations, maintaining eye contact, interpreting facial expressions, and understanding social norms. These challenges can make it hard for individuals with autism to develop meaningful relationships and engage in typical social activities.
Communication
Autistic people may have different communication styles, skills and preferences from non-autistic people. Individuals with autism often encounter difficulties in expressing themselves, understanding others and interpreting social cues.
They may use and understand words, tone of voice and body language, such as gestures and facial expressions, differently.
Some autistic people have intermittent, unreliable, limited or no speech. They may communicate in other ways, for example, in writing or sign language, through gesture or sounds, or by using Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC), such as picture cards and/or high-tech devices.
Nonverbal communication and misunderstandings
Another significant communication challenge for individuals with autism is nonverbal communication and misunderstandings. People with autism may have difficulty interpreting gestures, body language, and tone of voice, leading to miscommunications and confusion. This can result in misunderstandings in both personal relationships and professional settings.
It is essential for those interacting with individuals with autism to be aware of these challenges and be patient in their interactions. Clear and direct communications can help bridge the gap and avoid misunderstandings, enabling individuals with autism to communicate more effectively with those around them.
Behaviours and interests
A lot of medical and professional literature refers to these differences as ‘restricted and repetitive behaviours and interests’ (RRBIs). They must be seen as affecting ‘everyday functioning’ for a diagnosis to be made.
But many autistic people see these characteristics as positive and helpful. Some prefer to describe them as ‘stimming’ (stimulatory) or ‘self-regulatory’ behaviours – ways to keep calm and happy.
These include having or showing:
Focused and dedicated interests – Such as a very strong passion for a hobby, an entertainment figure or series, a toy, or an academic interest.
Repeated movements and behaviours – Such as hand flapping, hair twirling, spinning around, or listening to something on repeat.
Preference for order, predictability or routine – Such as wanting to know what is going to happen in detail, for rules to be the same for everyone, having the same routine or meals each day, or needing a favourite toy to feel calm.
Sensory processing
Autistic people can be much more or less sensitive than non-autistic people to the five main senses (sight, sound, touch, taste and smell) and senses for balance, movement, spatial awareness and awareness of internal states (such as hunger and temperature).
A person may be very sensitive to one kind of sensory input, but not at all sensitive to another. Their reactions can also change depending on the situation and environment. This can manifest as hypersensitivity or hyposensitivity to sensory stimuli such as sound, touch, taste, smell and sight. For example, some individuals may be overwhelmed by loud noises or bright lights, while others may seek out intense sensory experiences.
These sensory differences can lead to challenges in various environments, from busy shopping centres to crowded classrooms. It is important to recognise and accommodate these differences to support individuals with autism in navigating their surroundings effectively. By creating sensory-friendly spaces and providing access to tools like noise-cancelling headphones or sensory toys, we can help individuals with autism feel more comfortable and engaged.
Sensory processing differences are not a standalone core characteristic. During diagnosis, these are considered part of ‘RRBIs’ (see Behaviours and interests above). This is because of the reactions they may cause (avoiding or seeking out sensory input or showing distressed behaviours).
Routines and adaptations in personal life
In personal life, routines play a crucial role in providing structure and stability for individuals with autism. Many find comfort in following set routines and may struggle with unexpected changes. As a result, incorporating predictability and consistency in daily schedules can greatly benefit those with autism.
Moreover, individuals with autism may require adaptations in their personal environments to reduce sensory overload or to create spaces that are calming and conducive to their well-being. These adjustments can include modifying lighting, minimising noise levels, or creating designated quiet areas where they can retreat when feeling overwhelmed.
Professional life and workplace accommodations
Transitioning into the professional world can pose challenges for individuals with autism, as navigating social interactions and workplace expectations may be particularly challenging. However, with appropriate accommodations and support, many individuals with autism can thrive in various professions. Employers can implement adjustments such as providing clear instructions, allowing for flexible work arrangements, or offering additional training on social cues to create an inclusive work environment.
It is essential for employers and colleagues to understand and respect the diverse needs of individuals with autism in the workplace. By fostering acceptance and appreciation of neurodiversity, organisations can harness the unique strengths and talents that individuals with autism bring to the workforce.
Family dynamics and friendships
For individuals living with autism, navigating family dynamics and friendships can present unique challenges. Family relationships may require extra understanding and patience, as those with autism may struggle with social cues and communication. It is crucial for family members to educate themselves about autism and adapt their communication styles to better support their loved ones.
Similarly, forming and maintaining friendships and be difficult for individuals with autism due to social difficulties and a preference for routines. It is important for friends to show compassion and acceptance, while also providing structured social situations that can help foster positive social interactions.
Defining ‘Neurodivergent’
The term ‘Neurodivergent’ refers to people who process information differently. These differences can be linked to:
- Genetic and environmental factors
- A diagnosed condition
- An event such as a traumatic injury
The term is used to describe an alternative way of thinking and can include an infinite combination of symptoms that affect people in different ways at different stages of development.
Not all neurodivergent people have a formal diagnosis or are actively seeking one. Instead, they may recognise that they interact differently with the world than the norm and choose to self-identify as neurodivergent without a known reason for their symptoms.
How does autism affect you?
Take a look at the below, and think of the different ways you experience autism. Some people may notice more symptoms, and some people may notice fewer symptoms. Remember, everyone is different.
Challenges in using and understanding language, sarcasm, humour and body language (e.g. lack of eye contact, limited/animated facial expressions)
Sensory aversive (e.g. noise sensitivity) or sensory seeking behaviours (touching and feeling things)
A need for routine and struggle with changes
Repetitive body movements such as stimming, rocking or finger flicking
Lack of theory of mind – cannot understand peoples’ perspectives
Difficulty participating in tasks with no clear ending such as open writing tasks
Fixation/intense interests might change over time
Inability to initiate or maintain friendships
Failure to seek pleasure from social interactions
Needing things in a specific manner – non-functional rituals and compulsions
Next session
Our next session will look at the ways in which you can help manage your difficulties, and we will be developing a toolkit for you to use in times of difficulty.